In the previous article we covered Python operator overloading theory. Now it’s time to build complete classes that use every operator category. In this article we implement two classes from scratch — a Rational number that supports full arithmetic, and a Money class that handles currencies correctly. Both are real-world design problems where operator overloading…
Operator overloading in Python is what lets your custom classes behave like built-in types. When you write 3 + 5 Python calls int.__add__(3, 5). When you write 'hello' + ' world' Python calls str.__add__('hello', ' world'). Operator overloading lets you define what +, -, <, ==, len() and many other operations mean for your own…
Python inheritance exercises are where object-oriented design stops being abstract and becomes a tool you reach for naturally. You’ve seen the theory and built three complete hierarchies. Now it’s time to design and implement your own — an animal system and a bank account hierarchy. As always: try to solve it yourself, use the hint…
In the previous article we covered Python inheritance theory. Now it’s time to build real hierarchies. In this article we implement three complete systems — an employee payroll system, a vehicle fleet and a product store — each one using inheritance, super(), method overriding and polymorphism in situations where they genuinely simplify the design. Python…
Python Inheritance is the mechanism that lets one class reuse and extend the behaviour of another. If you’ve already built the Student, BankAccount and Product classes from the previous articles, you’ve seen that different classes can share a lot of structure — a Student and a Teacher are both Person objects, a SavingsAccount and a…
Python classes exercises are where object-oriented thinking becomes natural. You’ve seen the theory and built three complete programs. Now it’s time to design and implement classes on your own — a Student, a Vehicle and a Stack. As always: try to solve it yourself, use the hint if stuck for more than 10 minutes, and…
In the previous article we covered Python classes theory. Now it’s time to write real programs. In this article we build three classes from scratch — a bank account, a book library and a product store. Each one introduces new concepts progressively and shows encapsulation and @property doing real work, not just theory. Python classes…
Python classes are the tool that takes your programs from a collection of functions to a structured, reusable system. In FP1 you wrote code that ran from top to bottom. In FP2 you start modelling the real world — a student, a bank account, a product in a catalogue — as objects that have data…
Python exceptions exercises are where robust programming becomes second nature. You’ve seen the theory and built four complete programs. Now it’s time to solve challenges on your own — a password validator, a unit converter and a contact book with custom exceptions. As always: try to solve it yourself, use the hint if stuck for…
In the previous article we covered Python exceptions theory. Now it’s time to write real programs that handle errors gracefully. In this article we build four programs from scratch — a data validator, a robust calculator, a file reader and a class with custom exceptions. Each one uses exceptions in a situation where they’re the…